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N.Y. / Region
Loan Sought for Tappan Zee Work Is Faulted
A plan by Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo and the agency building a new Tappan Zee Bridge to borrow a half-billion dollars provided under the federal Clean Water Act has come under fire from nine environmental and transportation groups.
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Sooner is better. As soon as you can is best.
5
Rail is a better way.
This development is a monster.
I wish it dead.
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In Our Pages: June 27
Highlights from the International Herald Tribune archives: Paris prepares for the most important boxing match in recent years in 1914; Ponies and dogs are entitled to a “first bite” in 1939.
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Automobiles
Wheelies: The Euro Ram Edition
Chrysler introduces a European-style compact commercial van from its Ram truck division; Daimler and Renault-Nissan will jointly build cars in Mexico.
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The Upshot
How Inherited Wealth Helps the Economy
When a family saves for future generations, it provides resources to finance capital investments, like the start-up of new businesses and the expansion of old ones.
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World
U.N. Chief Served Papers in Suit by Haitian Victims, Lawyers Say
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s spokesman denied that the official had been served.
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World
Issue of Pay for 2 Sets of Workers Tugs at Palestinian Pact
The Palestinian prime minister says he does not have enough money to pay both workers hired by Hamas and those employed by the Palestinian Authority.
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Business Day
K.K.R. to Invest in Acciona's Renewable Energy Arm
K.K.R. has agreed to pay about $567 million for a one-third stake in the international renewable energy business of the Spanish company Acciona and will help finance future growth in Acciona’s renewable energy business.
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U.S.
Key Supreme Court Decisions in 2014
How the justices have decided major cases this term and the implications of their decisions.
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Technology
Google’s European Antitrust Woes Are Far From Over
Despite a provisional accord in a four-year-old antitrust case, the technology giant faces scrutiny on a number of other issues, a letter written by the E.U. competition regulator indicates.
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N.Y. / Region
Turk Who Killed Staten Island Tourist Gets Life Sentence
Ziya Tasali, who said he struck Sarai Sierra with a rock in a scuffle in Istanbul in January 2013 after she refused to kiss him, denied raping her.
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World
Beating of Roma Boy Exposes Tensions in France’s Underclass
The near fatal beating of a Roma youth suspected of burglary by a gang on the outskirts of Paris has highlighted the tensions in France’s economic underclass.
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Business Day
A Brand Highlights Its Natural Bona Fides, and Taste
In its new campaign, Barbara’s, the maker of Puffins and Snackimals, is drawing a line between its snack foods and flat-out junk foods.
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U.S.
Investigator Issues Sharp Criticism of V.A. Response to Allegations About Care
The head of an independent agency within the executive branch criticized the Department of Veterans Affairs for not digging deeper into widespread allegations.
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Business Day
Paula Kent Meehan, Co-Founder of a Hair-Care Giant, Dies at 82
With her hairdresser, she founded Redken, a company that changed the way shampoos and rinses were made and marketed.
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Opinion
Stunning New Video View of Swimming Polar Bears
New video footage reveals polar bears in their watery element.
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World
Buffeted by Tumult, Jewish Population in Tunisia
Dwindles
Tunisia has been a center of Jewish life since Roman times, but only about 2,000 Jews remain in the country — down from more than 100,000 in 1948.During the Roman period the area of what is now Tunisia enjoyed a huge development. The economy, mainly during the Empire, boomed: the prosperity of the area depended on agriculture. Called the Granary of the Empire, the area of actual Tunisia and coastal Tripolitania, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported to the Empire. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits.
By the 2nd century, olive oil rivalled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivations, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals from the western mountains, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip, and wool.
Berber bishop Donatus Magnus was the founder of a Christian group known as the Donatists.[21] During the 5th and 6th centuries (from 430 to 533 AD), the Germanic Vandals invaded and ruled over a kingdom in North Africa that included present-day Tripoli. The region was easily reconquered in 533–534 AD, during the rule of Emperor Justinian I, by the Eastern Romans led by General Belisarius.
Middle Ages
Main article: History of medieval Tunisia
The Arab governors of Tunis founded the Aghlabid Dynasty, which ruled Tunisia, Tripolitania and eastern Algeria from 800 to 909.[25] Tunisia flourished under Arab rule, as extensive irrigation installations were constructed to supply towns with water and promote agriculture (especially olive production).[25][26] This prosperity permitted luxurious court life and was marked by the construction of new palace cities such as al-Abassiya (809) and Raqadda (877).[25]
After conquering Cairo, the Fatimids abandoned Tunisia and parts of Eastern Algeria to the local Zirids (972–1148).[27] Zirid Tunisia prospered, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing.[28] Management of the later Zirid emirs was neglectful though, and political instability was connected to the decline of Tunisian trade and agriculture.
The invasion of Tunisia by the Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab Bedouin tribe encouraged by the Fatimids of Egypt to seize North Africa, sent the region's urban and economic life into further decline.[27] The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.[29][31]
The coasts were held briefly by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th century, but following the conquest of Tunisia in 1159–1160 by the Almohads the last Christians in Tunisia disappeared either through forced conversion or emigration.[citation needed] The Almohads initially ruled over Tunisia through a governor, usually a near relative of the Caliph. Despite the prestige of the new masters, the country was still unruly, with continuous rioting and fighting between the townsfolk and wandering Arabs and Turks, the latter being subjects of the Armenian adventurer Karakush.
The greatest threat to Almohad rule in Tunisia was the Banu Ghaniya, relatives of the Almoravids, who from their base in Mallorca tried to restore Almoravid rule over the Maghreb. Around 1200 they succeeded in extending their rule over the whole of Tunisia, until they were crushed by Almohad troops in 1207. After this success, the Almohads installed Walid Abu Hafs as the governor of Tunisia. Tunisia remained part of the Almohad state, until 1230 when the son of Abu Hafs declared himself independent. During the reign of the Hafsid dynasty, fruitful commercial relationships were established with several Christian Mediterranean states.[32] In the late 16th century the coast became a pirate stronghold (see: Barbary States).
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