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A correspondent whom I respect has (gently) challenged me to say plainly what I think Cyprus
should
do — leaving aside all questions about political realism. And he’s
right: while I think it’s OK to spend most of my time on this blog
working within the limits of the politically possible, and relying on a
combination of reason and ridicule to push out those limits over time,
once in a while I should just flatly state what I would do if given a
chance.
So here it is: yes, Cyprus should leave the euro. Now.
The reason is straightforward: staying in the euro means an
incredibly severe depression, which will last for many years while
Cyprus tries to build a new export sector. Leaving the euro, and letting
the new currency fall sharply, would greatly accelerate that
rebuilding.
If you look at Cyprus’s trade profile, you see just how much damage
the country is about to sustain. This is a highly open economy with
just two major exports, banking services and tourism — and one of them
just disappeared. This would lead to a severe slump on its own. On top
of that, the troika is demanding major new austerity, even though the
country supposedly has rough primary (non-interest) budget balance. I
wouldn’t be surprised to see a 20 percent fall in real GDP.
What’s the path forward? Cyprus needs to have a tourist boom, plus a
rapid growth of other exports — my guess would be agriculture as a
driver, although I don’t know much about it. The obvious way to get
there is through a large devaluation; yes, in the end this probably does
come down to cheap deals that attract lots of British package tours.
Getting to the same point by cutting nominal wages would take much longer and inflict much more human and economic damage.
But is it even possible to leave the euro? The Eichengreen point —
that even a hint of exit would cause panicked capital flight and bank
runs — is now moot: the banks are closed, and capital is controlled. So
if I were dictator, I’d just extend the bank holiday long enough to
prepare for the new currency.
OK, what about the bank notes? I’m no kind of expert in such matters,
but I’ve heard suggestions to the effect that it might be possible to
rush debit cards into circulation, so that business could resume without
having to wait for someone to run the printing presses. The government
might also be able to issue temporary scrip, IOUs that don’t look like
proper bank notes, as a transitional measure.
Yes, it all sounds kind of desperate and improvised. But desperation
is appropriate! Otherwise, we’re talking about Greek-level austerity or
worse in an economy whose fundamentals, thanks to the implosion of
offshore banking, are much worse than Greece’s ever were.
My guess is that none of this will happen, at least not right away,
that the country’s leadership will fear the leap into the unknown that
would come from euro exit despite the obvious horror of trying to stay
in. But as I said, I think euro exit is now the right thing to do."
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-27/cyprus-capital-controls-first-in-eu-could-last-years.html
"Cyprus is on the verge of an
unprecedented financial experiment: imposing controls on money
transfers in an economy that doesn’t have its own currency.
Countries from Argentina to Iceland have used similar
measures in the past to defend against devaluation. Being part
of the
euro zone may make it harder for the Mediterranean island
to enforce restrictions, as any money that leaves the banking
system can be taken out of Cyprus without losing value.
A demonstrator gestures during a
protest by bank workers outside the Cypriot central bank in Nicosia on
March 26, 2013. Photographer: Simon Dawson/Bloomberg
Banners reading "Europe has
failed me" and "Proud to be Cypriot" hang from fencing behind barbed
wire outside the Cypriot parliament in Nicosia on March 23, 2013.
Photographer: Simon Dawson/Bloomberg
Pedestrians pass customers as
they use automated teller machines (ATM) outside a branch of the Bank of
Cyprus Plc in the suburbs of Athens. Photographer: Kostas
Tsironis/Bloomberg
That also may make it more difficult to meet the goal set
yesterday by Finance Minister Michael Sarris to lift any
controls in “a matter of weeks.” When economies in
Asia and
Latin America tried to stem the outflow of money in the 1980s
and 1990s, they ended up keeping the measures in effect for six
months to two years. Iceland, another island nation with an
outsize banking system, still has
capital controls five years
after its banks collapsed in 2008.
“Thanks to political mismanagement, we now have a first:
capital controls in the euro zone,” said Nicolas Veron, a
senior fellow at Bruegel in Brussels and a visiting fellow at
the Peterson Institute for International Economics in
Washington. “How long is temporary? It could turn out like
Iceland, extending to many years.”
Russian Deposits
Cyprus may announce what types of controls it plans to
implement today, before its banks are scheduled to reopen
tomorrow. The country’s leaders are seeking to prevent the
flight of money from the island’s lenders, which have been
closed for almost two weeks. Russian holdings in Cypriot banks
are estimated by Moody’s Investors Service to be $31 billion, or
about a quarter of total deposits.
Parliament last week gave wide-ranging powers to the
central bank governor, Panicos Demetriades, and Finance Minister
Sarris, including the ability to limit daily withdrawals and
force the renewal of
time deposits upon maturity. The two
officials also can restrict the opening of new accounts, credit-
or debit-card use, wire transfers among the branches of the same
bank and non-cash transactions.
“They’re going to need some serious controls to make sure
the money doesn’t leave the country,” said Nikolaos Panigirtzoglou, a London-based strategist at JPMorgan Chase &
Co. “Otherwise, I can’t see how any of this money with a high
propensity to leave will stay voluntarily.”
ECB Financing
A rush of money out of Cyprus would shift more financing
responsibility to the
European Central Bank, which provides
about 10 billion euros of emergency loans to the country’s
lenders. After 30 billion euros, the ECB would have to lower its
standards for the collateral it demands from Cypriot banks,
Panigirtzoglou said. With deposit flight and rising loan losses
in Cyprus and
Greece, the ECB could lose money on the funds it
lends.
The island’s lenders have been closed since a plan by the
European Union to force losses on depositors in exchange for a
10 billion-euro bailout touched off a political upheaval.
Parliament rejected the deal, which would have taxed all bank
accounts, including those under the 100,000-euro deposit-
insurance limit. A new agreement shuts
Cyprus Popular Bank Pcl (CPB),
the nation’s second-largest lender. Uninsured depositors of that
institution and the
Bank of Cyprus Plc, the biggest, will share
losses, while insured deposits in all the banks are spared.
Icelandic Controls
When Iceland imposed capital controls after a property
bubble burst and its banks collapsed, political leaders said
they would be temporary, too.
Financial firms, with assets 11 times the national economy
at the peak, were too big to save. So Iceland let them fail,
splitting them into good and bad banks. Bondholders bore most of
the losses. Iceland’s krona dropped by more than half.
Restrictions on the movement of capital out of the country
were intended to stabilize the currency. They mostly related to
the conversion of the krona to other currencies and targeted
legacy foreign investments in the nation’s securities.
Even with such a limited reach, the Icelandic capital
controls have had a negative impact on the economy, according to
Pall Hardarson, president of Nasdaq OMX Group Inc.’s Iceland
unit. They’ve discouraged outsiders from investing and made it
harder for Icelandic companies to sell bonds overseas, he said.
After doubling every year for five years, foreign direct
investment in the island collapsed in 2008 and has remained
about 25 percent below the pre-crisis level.
“Ultimately we need to create confidence in the economy,
and with these controls it’s hard to do so,” said Hardarson.
“Officially they only apply to legacy investments, but
nevertheless they send a signal that things aren’t the way
they’re supposed to be.”
Two Euros
Krona-denominated bonds left from the boom era cannot be
converted to foreign currency when they mature. The proceeds
need to be reinvested in krona assets. That has created two
foreign-exchange rates for the island’s currency -- an official
one traded domestically and one offshore.
The offshore krona trades lower than the official one
because it reflects the difficulty exchanging them for dollars
or euros, according to Hardarson. One euro was worth 159.54
kronur on official markets yesterday and 220 kronur offshore,
according to Keldan.com, an Icelandic data provider.
The same is going to be true for the euro now that a member
country is walled off from the rest, said Raoul Ruparel, chief
economist at Open
Europe, a London-based research group.
“Now there are two euros, one in Cyprus, one elsewhere,”
said Ruparel. “The whole point about a single currency is that
money is fungible, it can cross borders without any
restrictions. The capital controls in one member basically ends
that arrangement.”
Capital Flows
To be effective, controls in Cyprus will have to be
stricter than those in Iceland, Ruparel said. Iceland’s
importers and exporters have been exempted from currency-
conversion restrictions as long as they can show the exchange is
for trade purposes. If a similar exemption were to be made in
Cyprus, Russian companies on the island could use the loophole
to take their money out swiftly, Ruparel estimated.
Cyprus-based Russian companies, taking advantage of the
island’s lower tax rates, are the largest source of foreign
direct investment in
Russia, according to central bank data.
Most efforts to restrict capital flows out of a banking
system or a country have failed to protect the currency they
were intended to prop up, according to separate papers by
Sebastian Edwards, an economics professor at the of
University
of California at
Los Angeles, and Graciela Kaminsky, an
economics professor at George Washington University.
Argentina Restrictions
Argentina restricted bank withdrawals in 2001, when it was
faced with a banking crisis following the government’s debt
default. Three months later the country had to abandon its
currency peg to the dollar, which it had maintained for a
decade. The government imposed losses on deposits through forced
conversion of dollar savings to pesos at unfavorable rates.
Being a member of the euro zone is similar to maintaining a
peg to another currency at a fixed-exchange rate. When the local
currency is overvalued as a result of inflation, countries with
pegs eventually end the fixed regime and devalue, as
Argentina
did. Cyprus might do the same, faced with dire economic
prospects, Open Europe’s Ruparel said.
“Stuck with an overvalued euro, Cyprus loses out on
tourism, one of its two main economic activities,” he said.
“The other one, banking, is dead with capital controls. So what
advantage does Cyprus get from being in the euro now?”
Cyprus Contraction
Cyprus’s 18 billion-euro economy is the third smallest in
the 17-nation euro area. Before the bailout, which was coupled
with an austerity package, the European Commission predicted a
contraction of 3.5 percent in 2013. Economists said afterward
that the damage will be greater.
The decision to burn depositors with more than 100,000
euros and restrict money movements will hurt confidence in other
weak economies and banking systems of the euro zone, according
to a report yesterday by DBRS Inc., a Toronto-based rating firm.
“During the current period of low to no growth in Europe,
it is certainly possible that a run on Cypriot deposits could
spread, in spite of existing or future controls on capital,”
wrote Fergus McCormick, head of sovereign ratings at DBRS.
A total of 378 billion euros was pulled from banks in
Ireland,
Spain,
Portugal, Greece and
Italy in the 13 months
through August, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The
flight was reversed only after the ECB pledged to buy government
bonds of those countries, calming investors.
Greek Ties
Cyprus’s three biggest publicly traded banks had a total of
6.5 billion euros of losses in 2011 after writing down the value
of their Greek bond holdings. They have also been bleeding on
their loans to companies and individuals in Greece, which is in
its fifth year of a contracting economy.
At least 1,600 Greek shipping, trade and tourism companies
headquartered in Cyprus are threatened with closure, according
to National Confederation of Hellenic Commerce. Greek firms that
held deposits in Cyprus were unable to meet a deadline this week
for paying taxes in Greece, the Athens-based organization said.
The divided island’s internationally recognized southern
part is ethnically Greek and has close ties to the financially
troubled country. The northern part is controlled by a breakaway
government backed by
Turkey.
Russian companies with banking ties to Cyprus will face the
same hurdles as their Greek counterparts, though the impact on
the Russian economy will be less significant. Russian economic
output, which expanded by about 4 percent last year, is almost
10 times as much as Greece’s.
The biggest losers may be Cypriots themselves. Unemployment
could double to 30 percent as a result of the planned bank
restructurings, estimates Hari Tsoukas, a professor at Warwick
Business School in Coventry,
England.
“Life will be difficult for people living in Cyprus,”
Tsoukas said. “The country will be another version of Ireland
and Greece, with a tough austerity program. In another decade,
we can look forward to another recovery.”"
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